Velocity distributions of particles sputtered from supported two-dimensional <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">MoS</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> during highly charged ion irradiation

A key problem in ion-solid interaction is the lack of experimental access to dynamics processes. While it clear that mechanisms and sputtering depend on kinetic potential energy (sum ionization energies) projectile, importance interplay various are unknown. Here, we have irradiated substrate-supported (Au, ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$) monolayers ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{\text{2}}$ with highly charged xenon ions (HCIs; charge state: $17+$ $40+$), extracted emitted neutral postionized Mo particles a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, determined their velocity distributions. We find two main contributions, one at high velocities second lower velocities, assign them effects, respectively. show for slow HCIs (5 keV) leading particle emission by electronic excitation momentum transfer, respectively, independent each other, which consistent our atomistic simulations. Our data suggest predominant mechanism related electron-phonon coupling, while nonthermal processes do not play significant role. anticipate work will be starting point further experiments simulations better understand arising from ${E}_{\text{pot}}$ ${E}_{\text{kin}}$.